Makhno-bevægelsen 1918-1921
Daniell
Marcussen
9.0
Bilag
Bilag 1:
Petropavlovsk-resolutionen
Bilag 2: Anti-Makhno plakat
Bilag
3: Forside af bladet Krokodil nr. 24, 1936
Bilag 4: Ordre nr. 1824
Bilag 5:
Proklamation fra Makhno-bevægelsen
10.0
Litteraturliste
9.0
Bilag
Bilag
1: Petropavlovsk-resolutionen
Resolution
VEDTAGET
PÅ FØRSTE OG ANDEN FLÅDEBRIGADES FÆLLESMØDE DEN 1. MARTS 1921
Efter
at have hørt, hvad de repræsentanter havde at rapportere, som fællesmødet
havde sendt til Petrograd for at skaffe sig klarhed over situationen der, har vi
besluttet:
1.
I betragtning af, at de bestående sovjetter ikke udtrykker arbejdernes og bøndernes
vilje, omgående at gennemføre nyvalg til sovjetterne ved hemmelig afstemning
og fri forudgående valgagitation for alle arbejdere og bønder.
2.
Tale- og pressefrihed for arbejder og bønder, anarkister og
venstresocialistiske partier.
3.
Forsamlingsfrihed, frihed for fagforeninger og bondesammenslutninger.
4.
Senest den 10. marts 1921 at indkalde til en ikke partibunden konference for
arbejdere, soldater og matroser fra byerne Petrograd og Kronstadt og fra
guvernementet Petrograd.
5.
At befri alle politiske fanger, som tilhører socialistiske partier, så vel
som alle arbejdere og bønder, soldater og matroser, der er blevet fængslet i
forbindelse med arbejder- og bondebevægelser.
6.
At vælge en kommision til gennemgang af akterne i alle processer mod indsatte
i fængsler eller i koncentrationslejre.
7.
At afskaffe enhver form for politiske afdelinger, da intet enkeltparti må
have monopol på at propagandere for sine ideer og modtage penge fra staten
til dette formål. I stedet for skal de lokale organisationer vælge kultur-
og uddannelseskommissioner, som skal understøttes af staten.
8.
Omgående at afskaffe alle spærreafdelinger.
9.
Lige store levnedsmiddelrationer til alle, med undtagelse af dem, der har
sundhedsfarlige erhverv.
10.
At afskaffe de kommunistiske detachementer i alle troppeenheder og de
forskellige kommunistiske vagtposter i fabrikker og værksteder. Hvis sådanne
vagtposter og detachementer skulle vise sig at være nødvendige, kan de i
militæret vælges ud af kompagnierne og i fabrikkerne og værkstederne indsættes
efter arbejdernes skøn.
11.
At give bønderne fuld ret til at bestemme over al deres jord som de vil, og
at eje kvæg, så længe de selv kan passe det, d.v.s. ikke anvender lønnet
arbejdskraft.
12.
Vi opfordrer alle militærenheder og vores kammerater kadetterne til at erklære
sig solidariske med vores resolution.
13.
Vi kræver, at alle resolutioner så vidt som overhovedet muligt bliver
offentliggjort i pressen.
14.
At indsætte en mobil kontrolgruppe.
15.
At tillade håndværksudøvelse på basis af egen arbejdskraft (d.v.s. uden lønarbejde).
Resolutionen
blev vedtaget af brigademødet med alle stemmer på nær to.
Petritjenko,
formand for brigademødet.
Perepelkin,
sekretær.
Resolutionen
blev vedtaget med overvældende flertal af hele garnisonen i Kronstadt.
Vasiljev,
formand.
Sammen
med kammerat Kalinin stemmer Vasiljev mod resolutionen
Fra
Kronstadt Izvestija nr. 1 den 3. marts 1921. Brunse, Niels og Nielsen, Hans-Jørgen:
Oprøret i Kronstadt 1921 - et dokumentarium. Rhodos, København, 1973.
S. 51f.
Bilag
2: Anti-Makhno plakat
Avrich,
Paul: The Anarchists in the Russian Revolution. Thames and Hudson,
London, 1973. S. 137.
Kommunistisk
propaganda plakat; Nestor Makhno (yderst til venstre) danner front med General
Wrangel, Petliura og den russiske kirke. Et eksempel på den trotskijstiske
frontsammenblanding.
Bilag
3: Forside af bladet Krokodil nr. 24, 1936
Adrian,
Henrik og Jensen, Lars Hedegaard: Fundamental historie - Fra krig til krig,
Tiden 1914-45. G.E.C. Gads Forlag, København, 1977. S. 213.
Stalinistisk
anti-trotskijstisk propaganda fra bladet Krokodil;
Stalinisterne
har tydeligt lært meget af Trotskijs propaganda kampagner mod Makhno og
Kronstadt-oprørene. Trotskijs sammenblandingsmodel bruges her af Stalin mod
Trotskij der, sammen med Kalinin og Zinovjev, fremstilles som fascistisk agent
med bombe i hånden. Ideen bag denne tegning er den samme som den bag plakaten i
bilag 2.
Bilag
4: Ordre nr. 1824
ORDER
NO. 1824 OF THE REVOLUTIONARY MILITARY COUNCIL OF THE REPUBLIC.
KHAR´KOV,
JUNE 4, 1919.
To
all Military Commissars and to all Executive Committees of the districts of
Aleksandrovsk, Mariupol´, Berdyansk, Bakhmut, Pavlograd and Kherson.
The
Executive Committee of Gulyai-Polye, with the collaboration of the staff of
Makhno´s brigade, is trying to call, for the 15th of this month, a congress of
soviets and insurgents of the districts of Aleksandrovsk, Mariupol´, Berdyansk,
Melitopol´, Bakhmut and Pavlograd. This congress is squarely directed against
the Soviet Power in the Ukraine and against the organization of the southern
front, where Makhno´s brigade is stationed. This congress can have no other
result than to excite some new disgraceful revolt like that of Grigor´ev, and
to open the front to the Whites, before whom Makhno´s brigade can only retreat
incessantly, on account of the incompetence, criminal designs and treason of its
commanders.
1.
By the present order this congress is forbidden, and will in no case be
allowed to take place.
2.
All the peasant and working class population shall be warned, orally and in
writing, that participation in the said congress shall be considered an act of
high treason against the Soviet Republic and the Soviet front.
3.
All the delegates to the said congress shall be arrested immediately and
brought before the Revolutionary Military Tribunal of the 14th, formerly 2nd,
Army of the Ukraine.
4.
The persons spreading the call of Makhno and the Gulyai-Polye Executive
Committee shall likewise be arrested.
5.
The Present order shall have the force of law as soon as it is telegraphed. It
should be widely distributed, displayed in all public places, and sent to the
representatives of the executive committees of towns and villages, as well as
to all the representatives of Soviet authority, and to commanders and
commissars of military units.
Trotsky,
President of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic;
Vatsetis,
Commander in Chief;
Aralov,
Member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic;
Koshkarev,
Military Commissar of the Khar´kov region.
Arshinov,
Peter: History of The Makhnovist Movement 1918-1921. Freedom Press,
London, 1987. S. 122f.
Bilag
5: Proklamation fra Makhno-bevægelsen
DECLARATION
OF THE REVOLUTIONARY INSURGENT ARMY OF UKRAINE (MAKHNOVIST)
To all the peasants and workers of the Ukraine.
To
be sent by telegraph, telephone or post to all villages, rural districts, and
governments of the Ukraine. To be read at peasant gatherings, in factories and
in workshops.
Fellow
workers! The Revolutionary Insurgent Army of the Ukraine (Makhnovist) was called
into existence as a protest against the oppression of the workers and peasants
by the bourgeois-landlord authority on the one hand and the Bolshevik-Communist
dictatorship on the other.
Setting
for itself one goal - the battle for total liberation of the working people of
the Ukraine from the oppression of various authorities and the creation of a
TRUE SOVIET SOCIALIST ORDER, the insurgent Makhnovist army fought stubbornly on
several fronts for the achievement of these goals and at the present time is
bringing to a victorious conclusion the struggle against the Denikinist army,
liberating region after region, in which every coercive power and every coercive
organization is in the process of being removed.
Many
peasants and workers are asking: What will happen now? What is to be done? How
shall we treat the decrees of the exiled authorities, etc.
All
of these questions will be answered finally and in detail at the All-Ukrainian
worker-peasant Congress, which must convene immediately, as soon as there is an
opportunity for the workers and peasants to come together. This congress will
map out and decide all the urgent questions of peasant-worker life.
In
view of the fact that the congress will be convened at an indefinite time, the
insurgent Makhnovist army finds it necessary to put up the following
announcement concerning worker-peasant life:
1.
All decrees of the Denikin (volunteer) authority are abolished. Those decrees
of the Communist authority which conflict with the interests of the peasants
and workers are also repealed.
Note: Which decrees of the Communist authority are harmful to the
working people must be decided by the working people themselves - the peasants
in assemblies, the workers in their factories and workshops.
2.
The lands of the service gentry, of the monasteries, of the princes and other
enemies of the toiling masses, with all their live stock and goods, are passed
on to the use of those peasants who support themselves sorely through their
own labor. This transfer will be carried out in an orderly fashion determined
in common at peasant assemblies, which must remember in this matter not only
each of their own personal interest, but also bear in mind the common interest
of all the oppressed, working peasantry.
3.
Factories, workshops, mines and other tools and means of production become the
property of the working class as a whole, which will run all enterprises
themselves, through their trade unions, getting production under way and
striving to tie together all industry in the country in a singel, unitary
organization.
4.
It is being proposed that all peasant and worker organizations start the
construction of free worker-peasant soviets. Only laborers who are
contributing work necessary to the social economy should participate in the
soviets. Representives of political organizations have no place in
worker-peasant soviets, since their participation in a workers´ soviet will
transform the latter into deputies of the party and can lead to the downfall
of the soviet system.
5.
The existence of the Cheka, of party committees and similar compulsury
authoritative and discilpinary institutions is intolerence in the mindst of
free peasants and workers.
6.
Freedom of speech, press, assembly, unions and the like are inalienable rights
of every worker and any restriction on them is a counter-revolutionary act.
7.
State militia, policemen and armies are abolished. Instead of them the people
will organize their own self-defense. Self-defense can be organized only by
workers and peasants.
8.
The worker-peasant soviets, the self-defense groups of workers and peasants
and also every worker and peasant must not permit any counter-revolutionary
manifestation whatsoever by the bourgeoisie and officers. Nor should they
tolerate the appearance of banditry. Everyone convicted of counter-revolution
or banditry will be shot on the spot.
9.
Soviet and Ukrainian money must be accepted equally with other monies. Those
guilty of violation of thisare subject of revolutionary punishment.
10.
The exchange of work products and goods will remain free; for the time being
this activity will not be taken over by the worker-peasant organizations. But
at the same time, it is proposed that the exchange of work products take place
chiefly BETWEEN WORKING PEOPLE.
11.
All individuals deliberately obstructing the distributions of this declaration
will be considered counter-revolutionary.
Revolutionary Military Soviet and Comand Staff of the Revolutionary
Insurgent Army of the Ukraine (Makhnovist)
January
7, 1920.
Arshinov,
Peter: History of The Makhnovist Movement 1918-1921. Freedom
Press, London, 1987. S. 265ff.
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Internetsider:
Anarchy
Archives:
http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/archivehome.html
Marxist
Internet Archive:
http://www.marxists.org/
October
1917 – A lost opportunity for Socialism?:
http://struggle.ws/russia.html
Pravda
o Kronshtadte – The Truth about Kronstadt:
http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mhuey/
The
Emma Goldman Papers: http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Goldman/
The
Nestor Makhno Archive:
http://www.nestormakhno.info
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